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Let X be a complex Banach spcce, and denote by T a strongly continuous semigroup of linear operators denned on X and C by a cosine function of operators with associated sine function S defined on X.

This paper is concerned with two cosine-function-related functions which are called cosine step response and cosine cumulative output. We study some of their properties, such as measurability, ...

Trigonometric identities are powerful tools for simplifying complex equations in math and science. Three core groups—reciprocal, quotient, and Pythagorean—form the foundation. Effective strategies ...

Trigonometry close trigonometryThe study of sides and angles in triangles. can be used to find a missing angle in a right-angled triangle when two sides are known. An understanding of the three ...