Markov chains provide a fundamental framework for modelling stochastic processes, where the next state depends solely on the current state. Hidden Markov models (HMMs) extend this framework by ...

Nonparametric identification and maximum likelihood estimation for finite-state hidden Markov models are investigated. We obtain identification of the parameters as well as the order of the Markov ...

Discrete-time hidden Markov models are a broadly useful class of latent variable models with applications in areas such as speech recognition, bioinformatics, and climate data analysis. It is common ...