Signal modulation is one of the most basic and important concepts in the RF industry. It consists of using the variation of one or more parameters of a carrier signal to transmit information, ...

Subscribe here to receive similar articles over e-mail whenever Krishna Pillai publishes an article on his site. The article compares various digital modulation schemes like BPSK, QPSK, PAM, 16PSK, ...

As telecommunication technologies evolve there is an on-going drive for the development of high-performance systems for radio communications. Part of that evolution involves implementing components in ...

Fig 1. In this view of the architecture of an optical analyzer, the coherent reference receiver serves as the optical front end to the digitizer, taking as inputs two single-mode fibers, one carrying ...