Cold-formed steel (CFS) has emerged as a versatile and sustainable material in modern construction, offering considerable advantages in terms of weight, ease of fabrication and enhanced performance ...

A real-time hybrid fire simulation algorithm is developed and tested to capture the expected behaviour of a steel column within a structural frame, considering the slow thermal expansion of the stiff ...

Metal building system builders have an option to use straight columns or tapered columns to hold up the structure. In many metal building applications, straight columns may have more steel than they ...