Abstract: In this article, an adaptive dynamic programming (ADP)-based optimal control strategy for a series of fractional-order nonlinear systems (FONS) with unknown control directions is ...

Researchers at the University of Groningen in the Netherlands have developed a polymer that adopts a coiled spring configuration at low temperatures and unfolds again upon heating. Furthermore, the ...

Abstract: In this article, an unscented Kalman filter (UKF)-based multistep heuristic dynamic programming (MsHDP) optimal control algorithm is developed for nonlinear discrete-time (DT) systems with ...

Molecular biologists have long believed that the beginning of a gene launched the process of transcription—the process by which a segment of DNA is copied into RNA and then RNA helps make the proteins ...